A Complete List of Every Dinosaur

Dinosaurs once ruled Earth and were continually learning more about them. You might know of the T. Rex and the Triceratops, but have you heard of the duck-billed Edmontosaurus  or the peacock-like  Nomingia? From raptors to tyrannosaurs and sauropods to  ornithopods, this list includes every dinosaur that has ever lived. It spans the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods and includes interesting facts about each dinosaur. Youll find it to be hours of fun and theres a new dinosaur waiting for you to discover. 2:00 Watch Now: 9 Fascinating Dinosaur Facts A to D Dinosaurs Within these first dinosaurs, you will find well-known names like the Brachiosaurus, Brontosaurus, and the Apatosaurus (formerly the Brontosaurus). There are also interesting dinosaurs like the Argentinosaurus which is thought to be the largest dinosaur ever to live while the Dromiceiomimus may have been the fastest. You can also get a hint at how paleontologists have fun when naming dinosaurs. For instance, the Bambiraptor was a tiny raptor named for Walt Disneys famous deer and the Dracorex got its name from the Harry Potter books. A Aardonyx  - An early stage in the evolution of sauropods. Abelisaurus  - Abels lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull. Abrictosaurus  - An early relative of Heterodontosaurus. Abrosaurus  - A close Asian relative of Camarasaurus. Abydosaurus - This sauropods intact skull was discovered in 2010. Acanthopholis  - No, its not a city in Greece. Achelousaurus - Might this have been a growth stage of Pachyrhinosaurus? Achillobator  - This fierce raptor was discovered in modern-day Mongolia. Acristavus - This early hadrosaur lacked any ornamentation on its skull. Acrocanthosaurus  - The largest meat-eating dinosaur of the early Cretaceous period. Acrotholus - North Americas earliest bone-headed dinosaur. Adamantisaurus  - This titanosaur was named 50 years after its discovery. Adasaurus  - This raptors hind claws were unusually small. Adeopapposaurus  - A close relative of Massospondylus. Aegyptosaurus  - Try and guess which country this dinosaur was found in. Aeolosaurus  - Could this titanosaur have reared up on its hind legs? Aerosteon - This air-boned dinosaur may have breathed like a bird. Afrovenator - One of the few carnivores ever to be dug up in northern Africa. Agathaumas - The first ceratopsian dinosaur ever discovered. Agilisaurus  - This agile lizard was one of the earliest ornithopods. Agujaceratops  - It was once classified as a species of Chasmosaurus. Agustinia  - A large, spiny-backed sauropod. Ajkaceratops  - The first ceratopsian ever to be discovered in Europe. Alamosaurus  - No, it wasnt named after the Alamo, but it should have been. Alaskacephale  - Can you guess which state this pachycephalosaur was found in? Albalophosaurus  - One of the few dinosaurs ever to be discovered in Japan. Albertaceratops  - The most basal centrosaurine yet identified. Albertadromeus  - This petite ornithopod was recently discovered in Canada. Albertonykus  - A tiny, birdlike, North American dinosaur. Albertosaurus  - This carnivorous dinosaur was a close relative of T. Rex. Alectrosaurus - Few specimens of this unmarried lizard have been found. Aletopelta  - The first ankylosaur known to have lived in Mexico. Alioramus  - Everything we know about this tyrannosaur is based on a single skull. Allosaurus. Getty Images   Allosaurus  - The apex predator of late Jurassic North America. Altirhinus  - This high-nosed plant eater resembled an early hadrosaur. Alvarezsaurus - A bird-like dinosaur of the late Cretaceous. Alwalkeria  - This Indian dinosaur was one of the earliest saurischians. Alxasaurus - An early relative of the bizarre Therizinosaurus. Amargasaurus  - A bizarre, spined sauropod from South America. Amazonsaurus  - One of the few dinosaurs to be found in the Amazon basin. Ammosaurus - This may (or may not) have been the same dinosaur as Anchisaurus. Ampelosaurus - One of the best-known of the armored titanosaurs. Amphicoelias  - Could it have been the biggest dinosaur that ever lived? Amurosaurus  -  The most complete hadrosaur to be discovered in Russia. Anabisetia  - The best-attested South American ornithopod. Anatosaurus - This dinosaur is now known as either Anatotitan or Edmontosaurus. Anatotitan  - This hadrosaurs name means giant duck. Anchiceratops - This dinosaur had a distinctively shaped frill. Anchiornis - A four-winged dino-bird that resembled Microraptor. Anchisaurus  - One of the first dinosaurs ever to be dug up in the U.S. Andesaurus  - This titanosaur rivaled Argentinosaurus in size. Angaturama  - A Brazilian relative of Spinosaurus. Angolatitan  - The first dinosaur ever to be discovered in Angola. Angulomastacator  - This dinosaur had a strangely shaped upper jaw. Animantarx  - This living fortress was discovered in an unusual way. Ankylosaurus  - This dinosaur was the Cretaceous equivalent of a Sherman tank. Anodontosaurus  - This toothless lizard actually had a full set of choppers. Anserimimus  - This goose mimic didn’t bear much of a resemblance. Antarctopelta  - The first dinosaur fossil ever discovered in Antarctica. Antarctosaurus  - This titanosaur may or may not have lived in Antarctica. Antetonitrus  - Either a very late prosauropod or a very early sauropod. Anzu - This Oviraptor relative was recently discovered in North America. Aorun  - A small theropod of late Jurassic Asia. Apatosaurus  - The dinosaur formerly known as Brontosaurus. Appalachiosaurus - One of the few dinosaurs ever to be found in Alabama. Aquilops - The earliest ceratopsian ever to be discovered in North America. Aragosaurus - Named after the Aragon region of Spain. Aralosaurus  - Not much is known about this central Asian duck-billed dinosaur. Archaeoceratops  - Possibly the smallest ceratopsian that ever lived. Archaeopteryx  - This ancient dino-bird was about the size of a modern pigeon. Archaeornithomimus  - A likely ancestor of Ornithomimus. Arcovenator  - This fierce abelisaur was recently discovered in France. Arcusaurus  - This prosauropod was recently discovered in South Africa. Argentinosaurus  - Possibly the largest dinosaur that ever lived. Argyrosaurus  - A plus-sized titanosaur from South America. Aristosuchus  - This noble crocodile was actually a dinosaur. Arrhinoceratops  - This ceratopsian was named for its missing nose horn. Astrodon  - The official state dinosaur of Maryland. Asylosaurus  - This unharmed lizard escaped destruction in World War II. Atlasaurus  - This sauropod had unusually long legs. Atlascopcosaurus  - Named after a manufacturer of digging equipment. Atrociraptor  - This cruel thief wasnt as atrocious as its name implies. Aublysodon  - This tyrannosaur was named after a single tooth. Aucasaurus  - This predator was a close relative of Carnotaurus. Auroraceratops  - A close relative of Archaeoceratops. Australodocus  - This sauropod was found in modern-day Tanzania. Australovenator  - A recently discovered carnivore from Australia. Austroraptor - The largest raptor from South America. Austrosaurus  - This titanosaur was discovered near a train station. Avaceratops  - This ceratopsian is represented by a single juvenile. Aviatyrannis  - This grandmother tyrant was one of the first tyrannosaurs. Avimimus  - A particularly bird-like cousin of Oviraptor. B Bactrosaurus  - One of the earliest of the duck-billed dinosaurs. Bagaceratops  - A small ceratopsian from central Asia. Bagaraatan  - No one is quite sure how to classify this theropod. Bahariasaurus  - This obscure carnivore may have been the size of T. Rex. Balaur - This stocky dragon was recently discovered in Romania. Bambiraptor  - Yes, this tiny raptor was named after you-know-who. Barapasaurus - Probably the first of the giant sauropods. Barilium - Yet another iguanodontid ornithopod of the British Isles. Barosaurus  - An enormous plant-eater with a tiny head. Barsboldia  - This hadrosaur was named after Rinchen Barsbold. Baryonyx  - You wouldnt want to clip this dinosaurs claws. Batyrosaurus  - One of the most basal hadrosaurs yet identified. Becklespinax  - A strangely named theropod of the early Cretaceous period. Beipiaosaurus  - The only known feathered therizinosaur. Beishanlong  - This bird mimic weighed over half a ton. Bellusaurus  - A herd of this sauropod drowned in a flash flood. Berberosaurus  - This Berber lizard has proven difficult to classify. Bicentenaria - This dinosaur was named for Argentinas 200th anniversary. Bistahieversor  - This tyrannosaur had more teeth than T. Rex. Bonapartenykus - This feathered dinosaur was found in close proximity to its eggs. Bonitasaura - This titanosaur wasnt as beautiful as its name implies. Borogovia  - This theropod was named after a Lewis Carroll poem. Bothriospondylus  - A case study in dinosaur confusion. Brachiosaurus  - This dinosaur was a giant, gentle, long-necked plant-eater. Brachyceratops  - A little-known ceratopsian from North America. Brachylophosaurus  - This duck-billed dinosaurs beak looked more like a parrots. Brachytrachelopan - This sauropod had an unusually short neck. Bravoceratops  - This ceratopsian was recently discovered in Texas. Brontomerus - Its name is Greek for thunder thighs. Bruhathkayosaurus  - Was this titanosaur bigger than Argentinosaurus? Buitreraptor  - The oldest raptor ever discovered in South America. Byronosaurus - This theropod was a close relative of Troodon. C Camarasaurus  - The most common sauropod of Jurassic North America. Camarillasaurus - A ceratosaur of early Cretaceous western Europe. Camelotia  - An early member of the line that evolved into sauropods. Camptosaurus - A close relative of Iguanodon. Carcharodontosaurus  - Its name means great white shark lizard. Impressed yet? Carnotaurus  - The shortest arms of any meat-eating dinosaur with horns to match. Caudipteryx  - A birdlike dinosaur that changed the views of paleontologists. Centrosaurus  - Like a unicorn, this ceratopsian only had one horn. Cerasinops  - A small ceratopsian of the late Cretaceous. Ceratonykus  - This dino-bird was discovered in Mongolia in 2009. Ceratosaurus  - This primitive carnivore is hard to classify. Cetiosauriscus  - Not to be confused with the more famous Cetiosaurus. Cetiosaurus - This whale lizard was once mistaken for the Loch Ness Monster. Changyuraptor  - Was this feathered dinosaur capable of flight? Chaoyangsaurus  - An early ceratopsian of the late Jurassic period. Charonosaurus - This duck-billed dinosaur was much bigger than an elephant. Chasmosaurus  - The only dinosaur that came with its own awning. Chialingosaurus  - One of the earliest Asian stegosaurs. Chilantaisaurus  - This large theropod may have been ancestral to Spinosaurus. Chilesaurus - This plant-eating theropod was recently discovered in Chile. Chindesaurus  - This early dinosaur was a close relative of Herrerasaurus. Chirostenotes - This birdlike dinosaur has been known by three different names. Chubutisaurus  - This titanosaur was on Tyrannotitans lunch menu. Chungkingosaurus  - This early stegosaur had some primitive characteristics. Citipati  - This Mongolian theropod was a close relative of Oviraptor. Claosaurus - This broken lizard was a primitive hadrosaur. Coahuilaceratops  - It had the longest horns of any known ceratopsian dinosaur. Coelophysis  - One of the most ancient dinosaurs ever to roam the earth. Coelurus - This tiny dinosaur was a close relative of Compsognathus. Colepiocephale  - This thick-skulled dinosaurs name is Greek for knucklehead. Compsognathus  - This dinosaur was the size of a chicken, but much meaner. Concavenator  - This large theropod had a bizarre hump on its back. Conchoraptor - This conch thief may have lunched on mollusks. Condorraptor  - A small theropod of middle Jurassic South America. Coronosaurus  - This crown lizard was once classified as a species of Centrosaurus. Corythosaurus  - This Corinthian-helmeted dino had a distinctive mating call. Crichtonsaurus  - This dinosaur was named after the author of Jurassic Park. Cruxicheiros - This cross-handed dinosaur was named in 2010. Cryolophosaurus -This crested dinosaur was once known as Elvisaurus. Cryptovolans  - Was this the same dinosaur as Microraptor? Cumnoria  - It was once mistakenly classified as a species of Iguanodon.   D Dacentrurus  - The first stegosaur ever to be described. Daemonosauru 0s This evil lizard was a close relative of Coelophysis. Dahalokely  - A rare theropod from the island of Madagascar. Dakotaraptor - This giant raptor was recently discovered in South Dakota. Daspletosaurus  - This frightful lizard was a close cousin of T. Rex. Datousaurus - A medium-sized sauropod from middle Jurassic Asia. Darwinsaurus - Darwins lizard may or may not be a valid dinosaur genus. Deinocheirus  - All we know for sure about this dinosaur is the shape of its arms. Deinodon  - This terrible tooth is important from  a historical  perspective. Deinonychus  - One of the most fearsome raptors of the Cretaceous period. Delapparentia  - This ornithopod was initially classified as a species of Iguanodon. Deltadromeus  - An unusually speedy theropod of the middle Cretaceous. Demandasaurus  - A poorly understood sauropod of early Cretaceous Europe. Diabloceratops - It looked like a cross between a Triceratops and a Centrosaurus. Diamantinasaurus  - This titanosaur was recently discovered in Australia. Diceratops  - Was this two-horned dinosaur really a specimen of Triceratops? Dicraeosaurus  - A medium-sized, spiny-necked sauropod. Dilong - This emperor  dragon may have been an ancestor of T. Rex. Dilophosaurus  - This dinosaur was distinguished by the bony crests on its noggin. Dimetrodon  - This ancient synapsid had a huge sail on its back. Diplodocus  - Thin at one end, much thicker in the middle, and thin again at the far end. Dollodon  - Named after the Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo. Draconyx  - This dragon claw lived in late Jurassic Portugal. Dracopelta  - This early ankylosaur was discovered in Portugal. Dracorex  - The only dinosaur to be named after the Harry Potter books. Dracovenator - This dragon hunter was a close relative of Dilophosaurus. Dravidosaurus - This dinosaur may actually have been a marine reptile. Dreadnoughtus  - This huge titanosaur was recently discovered in Argentina. Drinker  - Named after the famous paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope. Dromaeosauroides  - The only dinosaur ever to be discovered in Denmark. Dromaeosaurus - This running lizard was probably covered with feathers. Dromiceiomimus  - Possibly the fastest dinosaur that ever lived. Dryosaurus  - A typical ornithopod of the late Jurassic. Dryptosaurus - The first tyrannosaur to be discovered in the U.S. Dubreuillosaurus  - This megalosaur had a long, low snout. Duriavenator  - Yet another theropod that was once assigned to Megalosaurus. Dyoplosaurus  - This ankylosaur was once confused with Euoplocephalus. Dysalotosaurus  - We know a lot about this dinosaurs growth stages. Dyslocosaurus  - Its name means hard-to-place lizard. Dystrophaeus - This Diplodocus-like sauropod was named by Edward Cope. E to H Dinosaurs You will find many firsts in this collection of dinosaurs. The Eocursur was one of the earliest true dinosaurs in the world while the Hyleosaurus was among the first to be classified as a dinosaur. Also, its thought that the Guanlong may have been the first among the tyrannosaurs. There are other fun discoveries such as the giants like the Giganotosaurus and the Huaghetitan. Then there is the Gojirasaurus who was appropriately named after Godzilla. Plus, we cant forget about the Epidendrosaurus who may have been a tree dweller or the Gilmoreosaurus, one of the few dinosaurs known to have cancer. E Echinodon  - One of the few ornithopods to sport a set of canines. Edmarka  - This may have been a species of Torvosaurus. Edmontonia  - This armored dinosaur never actually lived in Edmonton. Edmontosaurus  - This large, duck-billed herbivore was a contemporary of T. Rex. Efraasia  - This Triassic herbivore may have been ancestral to sauropods. Einiosaurus  - This ceratopsian was a close relative of Centrosaurus. Ekrixinatosaurus  - Its name means explosion-born lizard. Elaphrosaurus  - A lightweight theropod from the late Jurassic. Elmisaurus  - This foot lizard was a close relative of Oviraptor. Elopteryx  - This Transylvanian dinosaur is almost as controversial as Dracula. Elrhazosaurus  - Once classified as a species of Valdosaurus. Enigmosaurus  - This puzzle lizard was closely related to Therizinosaurus. Eoabelisaurus  - The earliest abelisaurid theropod yet identified. Eobrontosaurus  - This dawn brontosaurus isnt accepted by most experts. Eocarcharia  - This dawn shark prowled the woodlands of northern Africa. Eocursor  - This late Triassic reptile was one of the earliest true dinosaurs. Eodromaeus  - Yet another ancient theropod from South America. Eolambia  - An early hadrosaur from North America. Eoraptor  - This tiny dinosaur was among the first of its kind. Eosinopteryx - A tiny feathered dinosaur of the late Jurassic period. Eotriceratops  - This dawn Triceratops was recently discovered in Canada. Eotyrannus  - This early tyrannosaur looked more like a raptor. Epachthosaurus  - This heavy lizard was relatively primitive for its time and place. Epidendrosaurus  - Did this tiny dino-bird spend its life up a tree? Epidexipteryx - This feathered dinosaur predated Archaeopteryx. Equijubus  - Its name is Greek for horse mane. Erectopus  - This upright-footed dinosaur is a 19th-century enigma. Erketu  - This titanosaur had an unusually long neck. Erliansaurus  - A basal therizinosaur from central Asia. Erlikosaurus  - This late therizinosaur roamed the Mongolian forests. Euhelopus  - The first sauropod to be discovered in China. Euoplocephalus  - Even this ankylosaurs eyelids were armored. Europasaurus  - The smallest sauropod ever discovered. Europelta  - This early nodosaur was recently discovered in Spain. Euskelosaurus  - The first dinosaur ever to be discovered in Africa. Eustreptospondylus  - A close cousin of Megalosaurus. F Fabrosaurus  - This early ornithopod may have been a species of Lesothosaurus. Falcarius - A bizarre, feathered theropod from North America. Ferganasaurus  - The first dinosaur ever to be discovered in the USSR. Fruitadens  - One of the tiniest dinosaurs ever to live in North America. Fukuiraptor  - One of the few carnivorous dinosaurs ever to be dug up in Japan. Fukuisaurus  - This ornithopod was discovered in Japan. Fulgurotherium - Very little is known about this lightning beast. Futalognkosaurus  - A very big, and very strangely  named sauropod. G Gallimimus  - This chicken mimic roamed the plains of the late Cretaceous. Gargoyleosaurus  - This gargoyle lizard was an ancestor of Ankylosaurus. Garudimimus - A relative slowpoke compared to other ornithomimids. Gasosaurus  - Yes, thats its real name, and no, it isnt for the reason you think. Gasparinisaura  - One of the few ornithopods known to have lived in South America. Gastonia - This ankylosaur was probably on Utahraptors lunch menu. Genyodectes  - This dinosaur is represented by an impressive set of teeth. Gideonmantellia  - Guess what naturalist this dinosaur was named after. Giganotosaurus  - Not quite a Gigantosaurus, but close enough. Gigantoraptor  - This huge oviraptorosaur weighed over two tons. Gigantspinosaurus  - It may or may not have been a true stegosaur. Gilmoreosaurus  - One of the few dinosaurs known to have suffered from cancer. Giraffatitan  - Might this giant giraffe have been a species of Brachiosaurus? Glacialisaurus  - This frozen lizard was a close relative of Lufengosaurus. Gobiceratops  - This ceratopsians tiny skull was found in the Gobi Desert. Gobisaurus  - An unusually large ankylosaur of central Asia. Gobivenator  - This feathered dinosaur gave Velociraptor a run for its money. Gojirasaurus - This early predator was named after Godzilla. Gondwanatitan  - Yet another titanosaur from South America. Gorgosaurus  - Might this tyrannosaur have been a species of Albertosaurus? Goyocephale  - A primitive bonehead from Asia. Graciliraptor  - This tiny dino-bird was a close relative of Microraptor. Gryphoceratops  - A tiny ceratopsian of Cretaceous North America. Gryponyx  - This hooked claw was a distant sauropod ancestor. Gryposaurus  - One of the most common of the duck-billed dinosaurs. Guaibasaurus  - Was this early dinosaur a theropod or a prosauropod? Guanlong  - Probably the first tyrannosaur ever to walk the earth. H Hadrosaurus  - The official state dinosaur of New Jersey. Hagryphus  - The largest North American oviraptor yet discovered. Halticosaurus - A nomen  dubium theropod of the early 20th century. Haplocanthosaurus  - A typical sauropod of the late Jurassic period. Haplocheirus  - This feathered dinosaur predated  Archaeopteryx  by millions of years. Harpymimus  - Named after the winged creature of Greek myth. Haya  - This dinosaur was named after a horse-headed Mongolian god. Herrerasaurus  - This carnivore roamed present-day South America. Hesperonychus  - A tiny North American dinosaur. Hesperosaurus  - The oldest stegosaur discovered in North America. Heterodontosaurus - This different-toothed dinosaur was a dentists nightmare. Hexing  - This early ornithomimid was recently discovered in China. Hexinlusaurus  - Named after the Chinese professor He Xin-Lu. Heyuannia  - Yet another close relative of Oviraptor. Hippodraco  - This horse dragon was recently discovered in Utah. Homalocephale  - This herbivore had a very flat--and very thick--skull. Hongshanosaurus  - This early ceratopsian is known by two skulls. Hoplitosaurus  - Named after the heavily armored soldiers of classical Greece. Huabeisaurus  - A titanosaur from northern China. Huanghetitan  - Yet another contender for the biggest dinosaur that ever lived. Huaxiagnathus  - One of the biggest dino-birds of its time. Huaxiaosaurus  - Might it be an unusually large specimen of Shantungosaurus? Huayangosaurus  - Could this have been the ancestor of all the stegosaurs? Huehuecanauhtlus  - Its name is Aztec for ancient duck. Hungarosaurus  - The best-attested ankylosaur ever discovered in Europe. Huxleysaurus  - Named after the famous biologist Thomas Henry Huxley. Hylaeosaurus - One of the first creatures ever to be called a dinosaur. Hypacrosaurus - We know a lot about this dinosaurs family life. Hypselosaurus  - This titanosaurs eggs were a foot in diameter. Hypselospinus  - It was once classified as a species of Iguanodon. Hypsibema  - The official state dinosaur of Missouri. Hypsilophodon  - This man-sized herbivore liked to eat and run. I to L Dinosaurs Bird-like dinosaurs are scattered throughout this next section. Youll also find a crocodile or two, a sloth-like dinosaur, and one that was rather mammalian. Dinosaurs with distinct features can be found as well. For instance, the Kryptops had a face mask, the Lanzhousaurus had teeth that were half a foot long, and the Limusaurus was completely toothless. Dont forget to check out some of the more notable dinosaurs, either. Youll come across the Iguanodon, the Isanosaurus, and the Lagosuchus, each of which made a distinct mark in what we know about these creatures. I Ichthyovenator - This sail-backed dinosaur was recently discovered in Laos. Ignavusaurus  - Its name means cowardly lizard. Iguanacolossus  - A brand-new ornithopod from North America. Iguanodon  - The second dinosaur in history ever to receive a name. Ilokelesia  - A primitive abelisaur from South America. Incisivosaurus - This buck-toothed dinosaur was the Cretaceous equivalent of a beaver. Indosuchus  - This Indian crocodile was actually a dinosaur. Ingenia  - A small, birdlike dinosaur from central Asia. Irritator - This spinosaur was named by a very frustrated paleontologist. Isanosaurus  - One of the first sauropods ever to walk the earth. Isisaurus  -  Otherwise known as the Indian Statistical Institute Lizard. J Jainosaurus  - Named after the Indian paleontologist Sohan Lal Jain. Janenschia - The earliest titanosaur in the fossil record. Jaxartosaurus  - A poorly known hadrosaur from central Asia. Jeholosaurus  - This ornithopod may have had an omnivorous diet. Jeyawati - Its name is Zuni for grinding mouth. Jianchangosaurus  - One of the earliest therizinosaurs in the fossil record. Jinfengopteryx  - This feathered dinosaur was once thought to be a true bird. Jingshanosaurus  - A close relative of Yunnanosaurus. Jinzhousaurus  - This Asian dinosaur was one of the first hadrosaurs. Jobaria  - A strange, short-tailed African sauropod. Judiceratops  - The earliest Chasmosaurus ancestor yet identified. Juratyrant  - This early tyrannosaur was discovered in England. Juravenator  - Why didnt this presumed dino-bird have feathers? K Kaatedocus - This Diplodocus relative had a characteristic grin. Kaijiangosaurus  - This might have been the same dinosaur as Gasosaurus. Kazaklambia  - This duck-billed dinosaur was discovered in Kazakhstan. Kentrosaurus - A smaller, African cousin of Stegosaurus. Kerberosaurus  - Named after the three-headed dog of Greek myth. Khaan  - Few small mammals dared face the wrath of this dinosaur. Kileskus  - Yet another basal tyrannosaur from central Asia. Kinnareemimus  - This bird mimic dinosaur was recently discovered in Thailand. Kol  - Its tied with Mei for shortest dinosaur name. Koreaceratops - Theres evidence that this ceratopsian liked to go swimming. Koreanosaurus  - Guess what country this ornithopod was discovered in. Kosmoceratops  - This ceratopsian had a bizarre, downward-folding frill. Kotasaurus  - One of the few sauropods to be discovered in India. Kritosaurus  - A famous, but poorly understood hadrosaur. Kryptops  - This dinosaur came equipped with its own face mask. Kukufeldia  Yet another ornithopod that was once lumped in with Iguanodon. Kulindadromeus - Why did this ornithopod dinosaur have feathers? Kundurosaurus  - This hadrosaur was discovered in the far east of Russia. L Labocania - It may or may not have been a true tyrannosaur. Lagosuchus  - Could this have been the ancestor of all the dinosaurs? Lambeosaurus  - This duck-billed dinosaur had a hatchet-shaped crest on its noggin. Lamplughsaura - This early sauropod was discovered in India. Lanzhousaurus  - This herbivores teeth were half a foot long. Laosaurus  - This dubious ornithopod was named by Othniel C. Marsh. Lapparentosaurus  - This sauropod was discovered in Madagascar. Laquintasaura  - The first plant-eating dinosaur ever to be discovered in Venezuela. Latirhinus  - This duck-billed dinosaur had an enormous nose. Leaellynasaura  - One of the few dinosaurs to be named after a little girl. Leinkupal - The latest surviving diplodocid sauropod. Leonerasaurus  - This prosauropod was recently discovered in Argentina. Leptoceratops - One of the most primitive of all ceratopsians. Leshansaurus  - Did this meat-eater feast on small, armored dinosaurs? Lesothosaurus  - One of the earliest of all the ornithischian dinosaurs. Lessemsaurus  - Named after the popular science writer Don Lessem. Lexovisaurus  - One of the oldest European stegosaurs. Leyesaurus  - A newly discovered prosauropod from South America. Liaoceratops - A tiny ceratopsian of early Cretaceous Asia. Liaoningosaurus  - One of the smallest ankylosaurs in the fossil record. Liliensternus  - One of the largest carnivores of the Triassic period. Limaysaurus  Ã‚  It was once classified as a species of Rebbachisaurus. Limusaurus  - Was this toothless theropod a vegetarian? Linhenykus  - This tiny dinosaur had single-clawed hands. Linheraptor  - This Mongolian raptor was discovered in 2008. Linhevenato -r  This troodont was recently discovered in Mongolia. Lophorhothon  - The first dinosaur ever to be discovered in Alabama. Lophostropheus - This theropod lived near the Triassic/Jurassic boundary. Loricatosaurus  - This stegosaur was once classified as a species of Lexovisaurus. Lourinhanosaurus  - Not to be confused with Lourinhasaurus, below. Lourinhasaurus - Not to be confused with Lourinhanosaurus, above. Luanchuanraptor  - A small, poorly understood Asian raptor. Lufengosaurus  - A common sight at Chinese natural history museums. Lurdusaurus  - This ornithopod resembled a giant sloth. Lusotitan  - This sauropod was once classified as a species of Brachiosaurus. Lycorhinus  - This dinosaur was once thought to be a mammal-like reptile. Lythronax  - This tyrannosaur lived on the island of Laramidia. M to P Dinosaurs Be sure to learn about the Megalosaurus, the very first dinosaur to be discovered and one which many fossils since have been mistaken for. Also, youll find the Muttaburrasaurus interesting because its fossil is the most intact found to date. Some of the other interesting dinosaurs in this list include the tiny Pravicursor, the four-winged Microraptor, and the Parasaurolophus which is thought to be the loudest of all dinosaurs.   M Machairasaurus  -  This short scimitar lizard was a close relative of Oviraptor. Macrogryphosaurus  - Otherwise known  as the Big Enigmatic Lizard. Magnapaulia  -  The largest lambeosaurine hadrosaur yet identified. Magnirostris  -  This ceratopsian had an unusually big beak. Magnosaurus  - Once thought to be a species of Megalosaurus. Magyarosaurus  -  This dwarf titanosaur was probably confined to a small island. Mahakala  -  This dino-bird was named after a Buddhist deity. Maiasaura  -  This good mother lizard kept close tabs on her young. Majungasaurus  - Fairly--or unfairly--known as the cannibal dinosaur. Malawisaurus  -  The first titanosaur to be found with an intact skull. Mamenchisaurus  -  The longest-necked dinosaur that ever lived. Manidens  -  A strangely toothed relative of Heterodontosaurus. Mantellisaurus - Named after the famous fossil hunter Gideon Mantell. Mantellodon  -  This Iguanodon refugee may or may not deserve its own genus. Mapusaurus  -  This huge carnivore was closely related to Giganotosaurus. Marshosaurus  -  Named after the famous paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh. Martharaptor - This dinosaur was named after a Utah paleontologist. Masiakasaurus  -  A bizarre, buck-toothed predator of the late Cretaceous. Massospondylus  -  This small, lithe, bipedal plant-eater roamed the plains of South Africa. Maxakalisaurus  -  One of the biggest titanosaurs ever found in Brazil. Medusaceratops - This frilled dinosaur was a close relative of Centrosaurus. Megalosaurus  -  The first dinosaur ever to be discovered and named. Megapnosaurus  -  Its name is Greek for big dead lizard. Megaraptor  -  Despite its name, it wasnt really a raptor. Mei  - The current record-holder for shortest dinosaur name. Melanorosaurus  -  Probably the largest prosauropod that ever lived. Mendozasaurus  - This titanosaur was ancestral to Futalognkosaurus. Mercuriceratops  - This ceratopsian was discovered on the U.S./Canada border. Metriacanthosaurus  -  Yet another dinosaur that was once mistaken for Megalosaurus. Microceratops  -  Probably the smallest ceratopsian that ever lived. Micropachycephalosaurus  -  The current record-holder for longest dinosaur name. Microraptor  -  This tiny feathered dinosaur had four wings rather than two. Microvenator - This tiny hunter actually measured 10 feet from head to tail. Minmi  -  An early (and very dumb) ankylosaur from Australia. Minotaurasaurus  -  Named after the half-man, half-bull of Greek myth. Miragaia  -  This stegosaur had an unusually long neck. Mirischia  -  Its name means wonderful pelvis. Mochlodon  -  One of the few dinosaurs ever to be discovered in Austria. Mojoceratops  -  This ceratopsian had a heart-shaped frill. Monkonosaurus - The first dinosaur ever to be discovered in modern-day Tibet. Monoclonius  -  Might this have been a species of Centrosaurus? Monolophosaurus  -  This Jurassic predator had a single crest on its skull. Mononykus - This dinosaur may have dug into termite mounds for its lunch. Montanoceratops  -  A primitive ceratopsian of the late Cretaceous period. Mussaurus  -  This mouse lizard lived in Triassic South America. Muttaburrasaurus  -  The most complete  dinosaur fossil ever found in Australia. Mymoorapelta - Named after the Mygand-Moore quarry in Colorado. N Nankangia  -  A recently discovered oviraptor from China. Nanosaurus - This tiny lizard was named by Othniel C. Marsh. Nanotyrannus  -  Could this have been a juvenile T. Rex? Nanshiungosaurus  -  A bizarre therizinosaur from Asia. Nanuqsaurus - This polar lizard was recently discovered in Alaska. Nanyangosaurus  -  An iguanodontid ornithopod of middle Cretaceous Asia. Nasutoceratops  -  This dinosaur had horns like a modern steer. Nebulasaurus  -  This nebula lizard was recently discovered in China. Nedcolbertia - Named after the famous paleontologist Edwin Colbert. Neimongosaurus  -  A rare therizinosaur from inner Mongolia. Nemegtomaia - This dinosaur had a bizarrely shaped skull. Nemegtosaurus  -  This titanosaur has been recreated from a single, incomplete skull. Neovenator  -  One of the largest carnivorous dinosaurs of western Europe. Neuquenraptor  -  It may actually be a species (or specimen) of Unenlagia. Neuquensaurus  -  Was this titanosaur really a species of Saltasaurus? Nigersaurus  - This African sauropod had a huge number of teeth. Nipponosaurus  -  This hadrosaur was discovered on the island of Sakhalin. Noasaurus - Were this predators giant claws on its hands, or on its feet? Nodocephalosaurus - This armored dinosaur has been reconstructed from a single skull. Nodosaurus - One of the first armored dinosaurs ever discovered in North America. Nomingia - This small dinosaur had a peacock-like tail. Nothronychus - The first therizonosaur to be found outside Asia. Notohypsilophodon - A rare South American ornithopod. Nqwebasaurus  -  One of the few theropods to be discovered in sub-Saharan Africa. Nuthetes  -  This raptor was named after the modern monitor lizard. Nyasasaurus  -  Could this be the earliest dinosaur in the fossil record? O Ojoceratops  -  A very close relative of Triceratops. Olorotitan - One of  the most complete  dinosaur fossils ever found in Russia. Omeisaurus  -  One of the most common Chinese sauropods. Oohkotokia  - Its name is Blackfoot for large stone. Opisthocoelicaudia  -  A clumsily named titanosaur of the late Cretaceous period. Orkoraptor - The southernmost theropod ever to live in South America. Ornithodesmus - This mysterious raptor was once thought to be a pterosaur. Ornitholestes  -  This bird robber probably preyed on small lizards instead. Ornithomimus  - This bird mimic resembled a modern ostrich. Ornithopsis  -  This bird face was actually a genus of titanosaur. Orodromeus  -  This tiny herbivore was on Troodons dinner menu. Orthomerus  -  One of the few dinosaurs to be discovered in Holland. Oryctodromeus - The only ornithopod known to have lived in burrows. Ostafrikasaurus  -  Could this have been the earliest known  spinosaur? Othnielia  -  Named after the famous paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh. Othnielosaurus  -  Also named after the famous paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh. Ouranosaurus  -  Scientists cant decide if this herbivore had a sail or a hump. Overosaurus  -  This dwarf titanosaur was announced to the world in 2013. Oviraptor  -  Turns out that this egg thief got a bad rap. Oxalaia  - This  spinosaur  was recently discovered in Brazil. Ozraptor  -  Not much is known about this Australian theropod. P Pachycephalosaurus  -  This plant-eater gave new meaning to the word blockhead. Pachyrhinosaurus  - This thick-nosed lizard roamed the North American forests. Palaeoscincus  - This ancient skink was actually an armored dinosaur. Paluxysaurus -  The official Texas state dinosaur. Pampadromaeus -  This Pampas runner was ancestral to sauropods. Pamparaptor  - This raptor was discovered in the Argentinian Pampas. Panamericansaurus  - This titanosaur was named after an energy company. Panoplosaurus  - A squat, stocky nodosaur of the late Cretaceous. Panphagia  -  Its name is Greek for eats everything. Pantydraco -  No, this dinosaur didnt wear you-know-what. Paralititan  -  This huge sauropod was discovered recently in Egypt. Paranthodon  -  This stegosaur was discovered over 150 years ago. Pararhabdodon  -  The western European equivalent of Tsintaosaurus. Parasaurolophus. Getty Images   Parasaurolophus  -  Possibly the loudest dinosaur ever to roam the earth. Parksosaurus - It was once classified as a species of Thescelosaurus. Paronychodon - This tooth taxon didnt make it out of the 19th century. Parvicursor  -  One of the smallest dinosaurs yet identified. Patagosaurus  -  This Patagonian lizard hailed from South America. Pawpawsaurus - This ancient nodosaur was discovered in Texas. Pedopenna  -  One of the earliest known dino-birds. Pegomastax  - This dinosaur was covered with porcupine-like bristles. Pelecanimimus - This pelican mimic sported over 200 teeth. Peloroplites  -  This monstrous Hoplite was recently discovered in Utah. Pelorosaurus - The first sauropod ever to be discovered. Pentaceratops  -  This five-horned herbivore really had only three. Philovenator  - As its name  says this dinosaur loved to hunt. Phuwiangosaurus  - This titanosaur was discovered in modern-day Thailand. Piatnitzkysaurus  -  Its teeth were as sharp as its name is funny. Pinacosaurus - Did this ankylosaur roam central Asia in herds? Pisanosaurus  - One of the earliest known ornithischian dinosaurs. Piveteausaurus  - No one is quite sure what to make of this theropod dinosaur. Planicoxa  -  A medium-sized iguanodont of early Cretaceous North America. Plateosaurus  - This herd dinosaur blackened the plains of the late Triassic. Pleurocoelus - It was the official state dinosaur of Texas. Pneumatoraptor  -  This air thief was recently discovered in Hungary. Podokesaurus  - One of the earliest dinosaurs to live in eastern North America. Poekilopleuron  - It may (or may not) have been a species of Megalosaurus. Polacanthus  - An extremely spiky ankylosaur of the middle Cretaceous. Prenocephale  -  This bonehead had a round, thick skull. Prenoceratops  -  A close relative of Leptoceratops. Proa  -  This ornithopod was named after its prow-shaped jaw. Probactrosaurus  - An early stage in hadrosaur evolution. Proceratosaurus  - Despite its name, not a close relative of Ceratosaurus. Procompsognathus  - Was it an  archosaur or an early dinosaur? Propanoplosaurus - This baby ankylosaur was recently discovered in Maryland. Prosaurolophus  - The likely ancestor of both Saurolophus and Parasaurolophus. Protarchaeopteryx  -  Before Archaeopteryx? It actually lived millions of years later. Protoceratops  - A famous dinosaur with a very funky frill. Protohadros  - Despite its name, it wasnt really the first hadrosaur. Psittacosaurus  - This dinosaurs noggin wouldnt have looked out of place on a parrot. Puertasaurus  - This titanosaur rivaled Argentinosaurus in size. Pyroraptor  - This fire thief prowled the plains of prehistoric France. Q to T Dinosaurs One of the longer sections of our dinosaur collection, youll discover a number of interesting finds here. Look for the Scipionyx, which is one of the best-preserved fossils discovered to date. Also, youll find recognizable names like the Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and the king of them all, the T. Rex. Dont let those big names distract you from peculiar dinosaurs like the Segnosaurus, Sciurumimus, and Sinocalliopteryx. Q Qantassaurus  -  Named after the national airline of Australia. Qianzhousaurus  -  This long-snouted tyrannosaur has been nicknamed Pinocchio Rex. Qiaowanlong  -  An Asian relative of Brachiosaurus. Qiupalong  -  This bird mimic dinosaur was recently discovered in China. Quaesitosaurus  - This titanosaur may have had remarkably  sharp hearing. Quilmesaurus - This dinosaur was named after an indigenous South American tribe. R Rahiolisaurus  - This Indian dinosaur is represented by seven tangled individuals. Rahonavis - Was it a raptor-like  bird or a bird-like raptor? Rajasaurus  -  This prince lizard lived in what is now modern-day India. Rapator - No, this mysterious Australian theropod wasnt a raptor. Rapetosaurus - The only sauropod ever to be discovered on modern-day Madagascar. Raptorex  -  A pint-sized precursor of T. Rex. Rebbachisaurus  -  A poorly understood sauropod from northern Africa. Regaliceratops - This ceratopsian had a huge, crown-shaped frill. Regnosaurus  - This stegosaur lived in what is now modern-day England. Rhabdodon  - A possible missing link between Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon. Rhinorex - This duck-billed dinosaur had an unusually large nose. Rhoetosaurus - A medium-sized sauropod from Down Under. Richardoestesia  -  Named after the paleontologist Richard Estes. Rinchenia  -  Named after the famous paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold. Rinconsaurus  - A modestly sized titanosaur of South America. Riojasaurus  - One of the few prosauropods known to have lived in South America. Rubeosaurus - A ceratopsian dinosaur from the Two Medicine Formation. Rugops - This wrinkly-faced carnivore probably fed on abandoned carcasses. S Sahaliyania  -  This hadrosaurs name is Manchurian for black. Saichania - This ankylosaurs name is Chinese for beautiful. Saltasaurus  - The first armored sauropod ever to be discovered. Saltopus  -  Experts arent sure if this was a dinosaur or an archosaur. Sanjuansaurus  - An early theropod from South America. Santanaraptor - Named after Brazils Santana formation. Sarahsaurus - This prosauropod had unusually strong hands. Sarcolestes  - The most likely ancestor of the ankylosaurs. Sarcosaurus - This flesh lizard roamed early Jurassic England. Saturnalia  - The earliest dinosaur known to have had a herbivorous diet. Saurolophus - One of the few hadrosaurs known to have lived on two continents. Sauroniops - This dinosaurs name means Eye of Sauron. Sauropelta - This ankylosaurs armor helped keep  raptors  at bay. Saurophaganax  - The official state dinosaur of Oklahoma. Sauroposeidon  -  One of the tallest dinosaurs ever to walk the earth. Saurornithoides  - A Troodon-like predator from central Asia. Saurornitholestes - A close cousin of Velociraptor. Savannasaurus - This titanosaur was recently discovered in Australia. Scansoriopteryx - This early proto-bird probably lived in trees. Scelidosaurus  - Among the earliest of all the armored dinosaurs. Scipionyx - One of the most perfectly preserved dinosaur fossils ever found. Sciurumimus - This squirrel mimic was one of the earliest feathered dinosaurs. Scolosaurus  - It was once classified as a species of Euoplocephalus. Scutellosaurus  -  Probably the smallest of all the armored dinosaurs. Secernosaurus  -  The first hadrosaur to be discovered in South America. Seitaad  - This small dinosaur may have been buried in an avalanche. Segisaurus - An early dinosaur closely related to Coelophysis. Segnosaurus - One of the most unusual (and poorly understood) Cretaceous dinosaurs. Seismosaurus  - It was huge, to be sure, but might it have been a species of Diplodocus? Sellosaurus  -  Another early prosauropod of the Triassic period. Serendipaceratops - Was this really an Australian ceratopsian? Shamosaurus  - This Mongolian ankylosaur was a close relative of Gobisaurus. Shanag  -  A basal raptor of early Cretaceous Asia. Shantungosaurus - The biggest of all the duck-billed dinosaurs. Shaochilong - Its name is Chinese for shark-toothed dragon. Shenzhousaurus  - A small, primitive ornithomimid from China. Shunosaurus - Anatomically speaking, probably the best known of all the sauropods. Shuvosaurus - Was this meat eater an early  dinosaur or a two-legged crocodile? Shuvuuia  -  Scientists cant decide if it was a dinosaur or a bird. Siamodon  - This ornithopod was recently discovered in Thailand. Siamosaurus  -  This may (or may not) have been a  spinosaur  from Thailand. Siamotyrannus  -  Despite its name, it wasnt a true tyrannosaur. Siats - One of the largest theropods ever to live in North America. Sigilmassasaurus  -  Was this really a species of Carcharodontosaurus? Silvisaurus - This primitive nodosaur was discovered in Kansas. Similicaudipteryx - The juveniles may have been differently feathered than the adults. Sinocalliopteryx  - The biggest dino-bird yet discovered. Sinoceratops - A rare ceratopsian from late Cretaceous China. Sinornithoides  -  A small, feathered dinosaur closely related to Troodon. Sinornithomimus  -  This ornithomimid is known from over a dozen skeletons. Sinornithosaurus  - A typical dino-bird of the early Cretaceous. Sinosauropteryx - The first dinosaur proven to have feathers. Sinosaurus - It  was once classified as an Asian species of Dilophosaurus. Sinotyrannus - This Chinese tyrant was an ancient ancestor of tyrannosaurs. Sinovenator  - This Chinese hunter preyed on its fellow dino-birds. Sinraptor - Despite its name, this allosaur wasnt any better or worse than other dinosaurs. Sinusonasus  - It sounds like a disease, but it was actually a feathered dinosaur. Skorpiovenator  -  This scorpion  hunter really ate meat. Sonorasaurus  - The remains of this sauropod were discovered in Arizona. Sphaerotholus  -  Yet another dome-headed dino from North America. Spinophorosaurus  - This early sauropod had a thagomizer on its tail. Spinops -  This ceratopsian was named 100 years after its bones were found. Spinosaurus  -  This dinosaur was distinguished by the sail-like structure on its back. Spinostropheus  - This theropod was once thought to be a species of Elaphrosaurus. Staurikosaurus - Another primitive theropod of the Triassic period. Stegoceras  - This small herbivore was built for high-speed head-butting. Stegosaurus  - The small-brained, spike-tailed, plant-eating dinosaur. Stenopelix - Experts arent sure how to classify this dinosaur. Stokesosaurus - Some experts think this was the earliest tyrannosaur. Struthiomimus  -  This ostrich mimic roamed the plains of North America. Struthiosaurus  -  The smallest nodosaur yet discovered. Stygimoloch  -  Its name means demon from the river of death. Got your attention yet? Styracosaurus  - Winner of the most elaborate head display competition. Suchomimus  -  A fish-eating dinosaur with a  distinct  crocodilian profile. Sulaimanisaurus  - One of the few dinosaurs ever to be discovered in Pakistan. Supersaurus  -  No, it didnt wear a cape, but this giant dino was still impressive. Suuwassea - Its name is Native American for ancient thunder. Suzhousaurus  -  A large, early Cretaceous therizinosaur. Szechuanosaurus - This theropod was a close relative of Sinraptor. T Tachiraptor  -  The first meat-eating dinosaur ever to be discovered in Venezuela. Talarurus  -  This ankylosaur was discovered in the Gobi Desert. Talenkauen  A rare ornithopod from South America. Talos  - This dinosaur was found with an injured big toe. Tangvayosaurus  - This Laotian titanosaur was closely related to Phuwiangosaurus. Tanius  - Not much is known about this Chinese hadrosaur. Tanycolagreus  - This mysterious theropod was once thought to be a species of Coelurus. Taohelong  - The first polacanthine ankylosaur ever to be discovered in Asia. Tapuiasaurus  -  A recently discovered titanosaur from South America. Tarascosaurus  - The only known abelisaur of the northern hemisphere. Tarbosaurus  -  The second-biggest tyrannosaur after T. Rex. Tarchia  -  Its name means brainy, but that may be an exaggeration. Tastavinsaurus  - This titanosaur was discovered in Spain. Tatankacephalus  -  A brand-new ankylosaur from North America. Tatankaceratops  -  Was this really a juvenile specimen of Triceratops? Tataouinea  -  No, this dinosaur wasnt named after Tatooine in Star Wars. Tawa  -  This ancient theropod points to a South American origin for dinosaurs. Tazoudasaurus  -  This Vulcanodon relative was one of the earliest sauropods. Technosaurus - This early herbivore was named after Texas Tech  university. Tehuelchesaurus  -  This sauropod was named after an indigenous South American people. Telmatosaurus - This duck-billed dinosaur was discovered in Transylvania. Tendaguria - This Tanzanian sauropod has proven difficult to classify. Tenontosaurus  - This long-tailed herbivore was hunted by Deinonychus. Teratophoneus  - This monstrous murderer wasnt all that big. Tethyshadros - One of the few dinosaurs to be found in modern-day Italy. Texacephale  - This Texan pachycephalosaur was named in 2010. Thecocoelurus  -  Is this the earliest ornithomimid in the fossil record? Thecodontosaurus - The first prosauropod ever to be discovered. Theiophytalia  -  Its name means garden of the gods. Therizinosaurus  - What did Little Orphan Annie say to this dinosaur? Reaping lizards! Thescelosaurus - Did paleontologists find this dinosaurs  mummified heart? Tianchisaurus - This dinosaurs species name honors Jurassic Park. Tianyulong  -Why did this ornithopod have feathers? Tianyuraptor - A small, long-legged raptor from eastern Asia. Tianzhenosaurus  - This ankylosaurs skull has been spectacularly preserved. Timimus - The only ornithomimid ever discovered in Australia. Titanoceratops - The biggest of all the horned, frilled dinosaurs. Titanosaurus  - This sauropod may—or may not—have been a unique member of its genus. Tochisaurus - A large  troodont  of late Cretaceous Asia. Tornieria - This sauropod has a complicated taxonomic history. Torosaurus - Was it really an elderly specimen of Triceratops? Torvosaurus - One of the largest predators of Jurassic North America. Triceratops. Getty Images   Triceratops  - The famous, three-horned, plant-eating dinosaur. Trinisaura - The first ornithopod ever to be discovered in Antarctica. Troodon  -  Possibly the smartest dinosaur that ever lived. Tsaagan - One of the earliest  raptors  yet discovered. Tsintaosaurus -  Also known  as the Unicorn Dinosaur. Tuojiangosaurus  -  One of the most well-known Chinese stegosaurs. Turanoceratops - What was this ceratopsian doing in late Cretaceous Asia? Turiasaurus  -  The largest dinosaur ever to be discovered in Europe. Tylocephale  -  The tallest-domed of all the pachycephalosaurs. Tyrannosaurus Rex  -  The once—and always—king  of the dinosaurs. Tyrannotitan - We know very little about this fearsomely named dinosaur. U to Z Dinosaurs Just because theyre at the end of the alphabet does not mean these dinosaurs are any less interesting. Here youll find dinosaurs that are big and small, had huge heads, feathers, duck bills, and even a poodle from hell. You made it this far and youll be rewarded with some great dinosaurs. U Uberabatitan  - Discovered in the Uberaba region of Brazil. Udanoceratops  - The largest ceratopsian to run on two legs. Unaysaurus  - One of the oldest prosauropods yet discovered. Unenlagia - This bird-like raptor was native to South America. Unescoceratops  - Named after the United Nations UNESCO. Urbacodon  - This Troodon-like predator was discovered in Uzbekistan. Utahceratops - Guess what state this dinosaur was discovered in. Utahraptor  - Probably the biggest raptor that ever lived. Uteodon  - It was once classified as a species of Camptosaurus. V Vagaceratops  - This big-frilled dinosaur was closely related to Kosmoceratops. Vahiny  - Its name is Malagasy for traveler. Valdoraptor  - This early bird mimic dinosaur lived in England. Valdosaurus  - This ornithopod was discovered on the Isle of Wight. Variraptor  - The first  raptor  ever to be discovered in France. Velafrons  - A new addition to the duck-billed dinosaur family. Velociraptor  - This dinosaur was vicious but a lot smaller than you thought. Velocisaurus - A small, speedy theropod of late Cretaceous South America. Venenosaurus - This poison lizard was really a gentle plant-eater. Veterupristisaurus - One of the earliest  carcharodontosaurs  yet identified. Vulcanodon - An early sauropod of the Jurassic period. W Wannanosaurus  - Probably the smallest of all the bone-headed dinosaurs. Wellnhoferia  - Was it really a species of Archaeopteryx? Wendiceratops  - This dinosaur honors Canadian fossil hunter Wendy Sloboda. Willinakaqe - A rare duck-billed dinosaur from South America. Wintonotitan  - Another new titanosaur from Australia. Wuerhosaurus  - Could this have been the last of the stegosaurs? Wulagasaurus  - The earliest saurolophine hadrosaur in the fossil record. X Xenoceratops - This alien horned face was announced in 2012. Xenoposeidon  - Experts arent sure how to classify this sauropod. Xenotarsosaurus  - A poorly understood abelisaur from South America. Xiaosaurus  - A small ornithopod from late Jurassic Asia. Xiaotingia  - This feathered dinosaur predated Archaeopteryx. Xinjiangtitan - This huge sauropod was a close relative of Mamenchisaurus. Xiongguanlong  - A small, primitive tyrannosaur from Asia. Xixianykus  - A long-legged dino-bird from eastern Asia. Xuanhanosaurus - You didnt think thered be so many Xs on this list, did you? Xuanhuaceratops  - An early ceratopsian of the late Jurassic. Xuwulong  - This iguanodontid ornithopod was recently discovered in China. Y Yamaceratops  - No, it didnt have a sweet potato for a head. Yandusaurus  - A small ornithopod of middle Jurassic China. Yangchuanosaurus  - A large theropod of late Jurassic Asia. Yaverlandia - A classic case of mistaken dinosaur identity. Yi Qi - This strange Jurassic dinosaur had bat-like wings. Yimenosaurus  - One of the better-known Chinese prosauropods. Yinlong  - This hidden dragon was an early ceratopsian. Yixianosaurus - How did this dino-bird use its long fingers? Yizhousaurus - The earliest intact sauropod yet discovered. Yongjinglong  - This titanosaur was recently discovered in China. Yueosaurus - This basal ornithopod was discovered by construction workers. Yulong  - The smallest oviraptor yet identified. Yunnanosaurus  - One of the last prosauropods to walk the earth. Yutyrannus  - The largest feathered tyrannosaur yet identified. Z Zalmoxes - A strange-looking ornithopod from Romania. Zanabazar - Named after a Buddhist spiritual leader. Zapalasaurus - This diplodocoid sauropod lived in early Cretaceous South America. Zby  - This dinosaurs name was inversely proportional to its size. Zephyrosaurus -  Otherwise known  as the Western Wind Lizard. Zhanghenglong - A transitional hadrosaur of late Cretaceous Asia. Zhejiangosaurus - The first identified nodosaur from Asia. Zhenyuanlong  -  Also known  as the fluffy feathered poodle from hell. Zhongyuansaurus  - The only known ankylosaur to lack a tail club. Zhuchengceratops  - It probably figured on the lunch menu of Zhuchengtyrannus. Zhuchengosaurus  - This hadrosaur was even bigger than Shantungosaurus. Zhuchengtyrannus - This Asian tyrannosaur was the size of T. Rex. Zuniceratops - This horned dinosaur was discovered by an eight-year-old boy. Zuolong  - It was named after General Tso, of Chinese restaurant fame. Zupaysaurus  - This devil lizard was one of the earliest theropods.

Amerindian Legacies in the Caribbean Essay - 833 Words

Topic: â€Å"The Amerindians have left a legacy that forms part of the Caribbean Civilization.† Discuss. The Amerindians have left a legacy that forms part of the Caribbean Civilization. The Amerindians were two groups of people having completely different personalities. One group was the Arawaks or Taino which occupied the Greater Antilles and the other was the Caribs or Kalinago which occupied the Lesser Antilles. The Arawaks were a very peaceful group of people; slim and short, but firmly built. The Caribs on the other hand were very aggressive people and were taller and had a bigger built than the Arawaks. The Caribs were also cannibals and some people assume that is why they were bigger than the Arawaks. Despite their differences in†¦show more content†¦In some countries like Dominica and St. Vincent, animals named by the Amerindians still survive. The agouti (rat), manacou(opossum), touloulou(crab) and iguana are some of the animals that still have their Amerindian names. There are plenty more words that we use derived from the Amerindian languages. This contributed to us not being limited to the more â€Å"formal† languages of empire (Spanish, Dutch, English and French) and having our own varieties of Creole between Caribbean countries. The Amerindians were excellent farmers and cooks. They left us a lot of crops and some of their cooking techniques. Both Arawaks and Caribs had diets of meat and vegetables, but the Arawaks had a more vegetable based diet and cultivated a lot more than the Caribs. They cultivated cassava (yuca), sweet potatoes (batata), corn (maize), squash, peanuts, pineapples, beans and peppers. Most of these are indigenous to the Americas but continued to grow thousands of years after in the Caribbean. The Amerindians ground the roots of the Cassava (yucca) into a powder in which they baked cassava bread. The Amerindians showed us how to cook; bake, boil, stew and barbeque (cook slowly over open fire). 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Business Plan for a New Product

Question: Explain the business plan for a new product that is going to be launched by a company that would be established in the market of Singapore. Answer: 1. Executive Summary The study establishes a business plan for a new product that is going to be launched by a company that would be established in the market of Singapore. It is an end to end product that is named as Rotihome. By opportunity analysis, it has been found that there is a high demand for such kind of products. The business mainly targets Indian and people from Middle East who live in Singapore. They cannot consume the popular Indian cuisine flattened bread Roti due to their busy schedule. Thus, the product would be facilitated in such a way that it would help them to cook in less period of time. Here, the business plan is made for launching the product in the market and grab the market demand as well. The company plans to make 8% growth and achieve success in the year 2016. As per their objectives, vision and mission, the business plan is made. 2. Business Details This is the new business that is going to be start up in the market of Singapore. Through analyzing the scope and opportunity of the existing market, the new business would be established that offer a product that helps to make Indian cuisine. It has been decided that the business would be opened in the city Novena and named as Indian Cuisine Centre. The new proposed venture to be introduced by this business is the product Rotihome that would help make various Indian flat bread dishes. It has been found that cooking the form of bread Roti is a lengthy and tiring procedure. Apart from this, it is time consuming and thus most of the Indians in Singapore avoid cooking this item. Through opportunity analysis, it has been found that there is a demand for this product in the market of Singapore. The vision statement of this business is We establish high standards and build success in delivering such products that helps to make Indian cuisine of regular meal category. It helps to generate long term sustainable competitive advantage. The mission statement of this business is We are dedicated to our promise of delivering such product that provide best quality of Indian bread form that suits the local taste of the customers, in order to enrich their health and lives as well. Their prime aim and objectives are as follows: To launch new business with new proposed venture in order to offer best Indian cuisines to the local people. To establish themselves as the best business delivering products which help make best regular meal categories. To generate 8% growth in the year 2016 and ensure a consistent growth thereafter. 3. Industry and Market Analysis Market Analysis: The market analysis for this particular business is done with the help of the SLEPT Analysis Model. Grnig and Khn (2015) opined that the SLEPT analysis helps to analyze the macro environment aspects that include social, legal, economic, political, and technological factors. Furthermore, this technique helps in competitor analysis to know the threats and opportunity of the business along the strengths and weaknesses of the business (Teoh et al. 2013). The SLEPT analysis for this particular business is demonstrated in the below table: Factors Analysis Social factor As per the record of 2015, 7.4% of the Singapore population is Indian (Teoh et al. 2013). It is one of the cosmopolitan developed cities where most of the people are engaged in several career platforms. Legal factor It has been found that new businesses can freely enter in the market of Singapore. As per the Companies Act 2013, all the businesses need to be registered with ACRA (Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority). Economic factor The continuous growing GDP growth rate delivers positive sign to start up a new business. Political factor The stable economic policy made the political environment of Singapore stable. Further, the single party ruling state helps the business to run under a stable business market. Technological factor Technological innovation is the prime reason behind the growth. This is the reason that the state is known as New York of the East and Emporium of the East. Table 1: SLEPT Analysis (Source: Teoh et al. 2013) Industry Analysis: In order go through the industry analysis, the Porters Five Forces Model is considered here. According to Zhao et al. (2016), it is the micro environment analysis that helps to analyze as well as determine the level of competition in the present business market. The Porters Five Forces analysis for this business is illustrated in the below table: Forces Analysis Threat of New entrants The threat is in Medium Level. It has been mentioned that starting up a new business in Singapore is way much easy. It is expected that the new business would be launched once it successfully grabs the market. Threats of Subtitute product The threat is in Low Level. No substitute product of Rotihome is present in the market of Singapore. Bargaining power of Customers The bargaining power of the customers is Low. It has been noticed that it has a high demand in the market. Bargaining power of supplier The bargaining power of the supplier is High. As the demand is high and no substitutes are available, the suppliers have the power over the product price. Intensity of competitive rivalry The intensity of competitive rivalry is High. Large numbers of products are present and available offered by the brands like Samsung, LG, Phillips and many more. They might imitate this idea in order to grab greater market share. Table 2: Porters Five Forces Analysis (Source: Created by Author) 4. Customers and Value Proposition The business is targeting the middle and upper class working individuals of Singapore. It has been expected that they would able to attract the age group of 16-70 years. In order to be more precise, the business mainly targets Indians who live in Singapore. Along with that, this particular product has gained popularity due to their health benefits and tastes. Thus, it is expected that they would able to attract the people of other cultures also. However, mainly the people from India and Middle East cook and like to consume this flattened bread every day. Due to their busy schedule, customers often switch to consume other products. Thus, the businesss aim is to target and attract those consumers among whom there is high demand for this product. In order to attract more number of customers, the business has formulated a USP (Unique Value Proposition) that helps to offer unique quality that its competitors are lacking in. The USP for the product Rotihome is as follows: It offers taste along with health benefits in their regular meal. People are able to include tasty meals in their healthy diet list. The products would be offered at lower prices. Many features will be provided where large number of dishes of flattened bread can be made. It has been mentioned earlier that cooking this flattened bread is time consuming in nature. Along with that, it needs perfection in adjusting softness, crispiness, quantity of oil and thickness of the bread. The USP of this product not only saves their time, but also offers best quality product. Furthermore, by including large options, they would able to achieve its objectives and also restrain the future threat which they might face from the competitors. The sales target for 2016: As per their target, they would generate 8% growth in their sales. 5. Marketing Strategy As stated by Krush et al. (2016), the marketing strategy helps to attain the ultimate objectives of the business. The marketing strategy for this business is discussed in the below section. Marketing Mix Approach: The marketing mix approach helps to establish right combinations of product, place and time (Barrett and Weinstein 2015). In this case, the 4Ps marketing mix strategy has been considered. 4 Ps of marketing mix Strategies Product The product Rotihome is an end to end product which is different from the dough makers which are available in the market. The product would be facilitated in such a way that the user needs to input certain amount of flour and water only. People They target the people who are from India and Middle East. In order to be more precise, they targeted the age group of 16-70 years belonging from the upper and middle social classes. Place The business would be established in the market of Novena. As it is in the centre area of Singapore, the business would able to attract more number of customers. Promotion The product would be promoted with USB storage in order to train the users with video sessions. Along with that, EMI options would be provided when purchasing the product. Table 3: Marketing Mix Strategy (Source: Created by Author) Launch Strategy: Following the statement of Vlasov and Mark-Herbert (2016), successful product launch strategy helps the organizations to attract more number of customers. Here, the business management has decided to incorporate certain strategies to boost the sales of the product. Before launching this product in the market, they would promote their product through TV and social media sites. Apart from this, the product would be offered at half the price when purchasing on the day of its launch. It has been mentioned that there is high demand among the Indians for this kind of products. The half price strategy would help to attract other customers who are not belonging to the Indian or Middle Eastern culture. They want to attract the most possible number of buyers as it would help them to apply the word-of-mouth strategy. Sales tactics: They would incorporate the EMI option for the first six months. It would help them to attract the price and cost conscious customers. It has been found that some people belonging to the age group 16-25 years are not easily influenced by such kinds of product. They are not much bothered about their health and do not tend to change their habits (Hunt 2015). Thus, they might not want to spend money on purchasing this product. However, the EMI option would influence their buying decision. Brand Development: In order to develop the brand name and brand image, they would display their product in an attractive way in the social media sites. Less frequency advertisements on TV would be considered in order to make the users know about the new product. These strategies would help them to make a brand image among the consumers. Competitive Reaction: It has been mentioned that no close substitutes are existent in the market at present, thus they have high a competitive advantage. However, as some dough makers are available in the market, they need to add some visual attraction in the advertisements of this product. Product and Market Development: In order to develop the product, the company would engage a research and development team. The team would ensure that the product includes all the features which they decided to offer. Furthermore, they would enhance the awareness of the need and value of the product to develop the market for this product. Growth Potential: After achieving the growth in the present year, the company would plan to enhance their business in other parts of Singapore within the 2020. The long term goal of the company is to make it an international business. 6. Operations Plan Key operating activities: The business would engage a research and development team to develop this particular product and ensure that all features are included. The management of the business would set a schedule plan for manufacturing and launching the product. Along with these operating activities, they would operate the expense as per their budget plan. Business Controls: All the operating activities of the business are controlled by the control system of the organizations. The management team would involve a team that would monitor all the activities. They would ensure that all the operations are implemented as per the outlined schedule. Furthermore, they would control the performance of the employees so that the managers of the company can improve the employability skills of the employees. Scalability: As per the statement of Nielsen and Lund (2015), the scalability of a business defines the ability of that business in handling the business operations in order to accommodate growth. It has been mentioned that they expect to generate 8% growth in the year 2016. As per their planning and strategies, they expect to attain that growth in that specific time period. In such a case, if the organization is able to increase the demand for that particular product, they would able to increase a small bit in price and generate more profit. In such circumstances, the business would include a clause on scalability in its contract with supplier. If the demand exceeds beyond the estimated figure, the company would enhance their logistic network to meet the demand. 7. Management Team and Company Structure The key people of the business are the management team that directs all the stakeholders in the proper direction. The key people in the management team include the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Operating Officer (COO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), marketing manager and production manager. They belong to the top management team that mainly looks over the entire business operations. All the business decisions are made by the team in order to drive the business towards growth and success. Other key members are the operation managers and professional staffs. The operation managers handle the issues and constraints that the staffs confront in operating the activities. Moreover, the main functions or the business operations are handled by the professional staffs. However, the management team needs to identify other key people in order to support them in achieving their individual goals. This would help them to build a good employee relation which further strengthens the business o perations. As discussed by Parks, Olson and Bokor (2015), it is essential to make the business structure before initiating the business. In this case, the respective organization would select the legal structure in order to estimate the tax amount that they need to pay for establishing in the market of Singapore. This would help to identify the ability of the business in raising money. Furthermore, this would clear which kind of liability they are going to confront in the new business market. They have decided not to be involved in partnership businesses in the next 3 years. Sole proprietorship is considered in this case where the business is owned by a single individual. 8. Resources Premises and facilities: The management of the business has decided to establish the business in the city, Novena. The business premise is decided to be established in this area due to the presence of a large population. As it is located in the center of Singapore, large number of population is travelled for business purpose. The business targets people who are not able to make healthy or time consuming food due to their busy schedule. Furthermore, all the facilities that the company needs in starting up the new business are well available in this area. Machinery and equipment: The machinery and equipment are the main part of manufacturing the product. The organization has decided to incorporate modern equipments in the business. Thus, they need large amount of capital to start up that business. In order to restrict the fixed cost of the business, they balance their expenses in other contexts. Staff: As the company would include expensive machinery equipments, they tend to employ smaller number of employees in order to restrain the total expenditure. However, the staffs would be trained well so that the business would not have to confront risk or uncertainty. As the company is going to establish a new business, it is essential to make their human resources strong. It is the key factor that helps generate growth and achieve success within the outlined time frame. 9. Financing It has been decided by the owner of the company to keep total a capital of $2000000 for the overall business. At the same time, the owner has also decided to provide $700000 from personal savings and the rest $1300000 will be funded by the external sources. The company has a plan to take a long term bank loan. Therefore, the gearing ratio of the company will be 185.71 (approx). 10. Financial Projections Projection of income of the company (Refers to appendix 1) Projection of cash flow Projected cash flow statement Particulars 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Profit for the year (10389) 12028 15740 13462 12566 Cash from operating activities: Increase in current assets (179) (160) (140) (170) (160) Increase in current liabilities 140 190 130 210 140 Net cash from operating activities (30) 30 (10) 40 (20) Cash from investing activities: Investment in Fixed assets (1100) (1400) (700) (1100) (1800) Net cash from investing activities (1100) (1400) (700) (1100) (1800) Cash from financing activities: Borrowing loan 1300000 0 0 10000 0 Net cash from financing activities 1300000 0 0 10000 0 Net cash inflows 1288481 10658 15030 22402 10746 Table 4: Projection of cash flow (Source: Created by Author) In the above cash flow statement, it can be seen that in the first year of the business, the company will have much high cash inflows. This will be because in the first year, the company will take a bank loan, for which the cash inflow from the financing activities will be higher. However, in the other years the cash inflows will be much lower. It is also needed to be mentioned that in all the years the cash inflows will be positive for the company. Key Ratios According to the budgeted financial figures of the company, the profitability ratios of the company will be fluctuating in the first five years. In the first year the profitability ratio will be -21.87, which will increase in the 2nd year to 18.14 and in 3rd year, this will be 19.68. In the fourth and fifth year, the profitability ratio will be 15.54 and 14.24. 11. Risk and Strategic Options It has been mentioned that the new product does not have close substitutes in the present market. Thus, the business would not receive strong threat from the competitors at the initial stage. It clears the fact that the risk from the competitors is less. Moreover, the business has a high risk as they might receive threat from the customers. In such a case, if the business fails to perform well in the market of Singapore, they might face loss. Besides, their further plans and strategies depend on the performance of the product. In the present situation, the management team would formulate more strategic options which would be utilized in case the initial strategy fails to achieve its goal. Their strategy mainly focuses on attracting customers by effective advertising procedures. 12. Key Milestones The key milestone of this business is the return of their investment. In this context, it can be stated that their first key milestone will be the first positive return. However, it is important to maintain as well as enhance the return in order to generate growth and increase the revenue. Besides, the key milestone would help the company to achieve their mission and vision and enhance their financial performance as well. Bibliography Barrett, H. and Weinstein, A., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship, the marketing mix, and business performance. InProceedings of the 1997 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 144-150). Springer International Publishing. Bridge, S. and Hegarty, C., 2013.Beyond the Business Plan: 10 Principles for New Venture Explorers. Palgrave Macmillan. Gregg, A. and Strnad, M., 2016. Cost Saving Strategies: Using a project planning process that can integrate capital and operational spending into a Nanofabrication Business Plan.une,13, p.15. Grnig, R. and Khn, R., 2015. Global Environmental Analysis. InThe Strategy Planning Process(pp. 89-96). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Hunt, S.D., 2015. The theoretical foundations of strategic marketing and marketing strategy: foundational premises, RA theory, three fundamental strategies, and societal welfare.AMS Review,5(3-4), pp.61-77. Jones, C. and Penaluna, A., 2013. Moving beyond the business plan in enterprise education.Education+ Training,55(8/9), pp.804-814. Krush, M.T., Trainor, K.J., Malshe, A. and Agnihotri, R., 2016. What Marketing Strategy Matters? Examining a Contingency Model of the Relationship Between Marketing Performance Management and Business Unit Performance. InMarketing Challenges in a Turbulent Business Environment(pp. 321-322). Springer International Publishing. Liu, C., Lawrence, A. and Vu, M., 2015. Be On Target: A Business Plan for Promoting Wellness in Target Stores. McIntyre, A., 2014.Pow! Pocket Pancakes: A Business Plan for Entering the On-the-Go Food Industry(Doctoral dissertation). McKeever, M., 2014.How to write a business plan. Nolo. Mols, N., 2015. Barriers to Social Ventures attraction of funding: A legitimation perspective on business plan competitions. Mullins, J., 2012.The new business road test: What entrepreneurs and executives should do before writing a business plan. Pearson UK. Navarro, F., 2015. Business plan: A preliminary approach to an unknown genre.Ibrica,30, pp.129-154. Navarro, F., 2015. Business plan: A preliminary approach to an unknown genre.Ibrica,30, pp.129-154. Nielsen, C. and Lund, M., 2015. The Concept of Business Model Scalability.Available at SSRN 2575962. Parks, B., Olson, P.D. and Bokor, D.W., 2015. Don't mistake business plans for planning (it may be dangerous to your financial health).Journal of Small Business Strategy,2(1), pp.15-24. Roberts, C., Corcoran, K., Miller, M. and Smith, S., 2014. Business Plan Presentation. Teoh, T.T., Abhishek, B., Lundburg, A. and Carter, M., 2013, January. Evaluating new learning technology in Asia-using Singapore as a case study. InInternational Conference on Infocomm.

Y2k (3038 words) Essay Example For Students

Y2k (3038 words) Essay Y2kWhat is Y2K and What Effect Did It Present On Modern Culture?Two seemingly small digits may turn January 1, 2000 from a worldwide celebration into a universal nightmare. Affecting companies worldwide, many pay millions upon millions of dollars in order for computers to recognize the difference between the years 2000 and 1900. One of the worlds most detrimental dilemmas, the year 2000 computer bug is an extensive and interesting problem that everyone must face. The definition and implications of the Year 2000 crisis are as unique as the steps taken by modern human culture to prevent them. Like all other tasks, computers process dates as numbers. To the outside world, date values can have numerous formats and meanings but to the internal workings of a computer, a date is just another set of numbers (Kendall 63). When expressing the year part of a date, using two digits such as 4/5/96, the possible values for this year part range between 00 and 99. Obviously, if the year part were expressed using four digits, the values could range between 0000 and 9999 (?The History and the Hype?). In real life, if one adds 1 to 99, the answer is 100. However, if one tells a computer to add 1 to 99 and also specifies that the result must be no more than two digits, the answer is 0 or 00. Now consider the effect of this numeric example on a date which expresses year values with two digits. If one takes the date 4/5/99 and tells the computer to add 1 to the year part, the result would look like 4/5/00 (Kendall 68). To most humans, this date will suggest that the year part represents the year 2000. But, to a computer (and this is basically the problem), because the numeric representation of the year is effectively zero, the year is interpreted as 1900. According to the logical thinking of a computer, adding 1 year to 1999 results in the year 1900 (Johnson Interview). We will write a custom essay on Y2k (3038 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The whole question is one of interpretation. Humans can usually distinguish the intended value of a two digit year because of the context of a date within its subject matter. For instance, if one writes I will graduate 6/1/01, most people will automatically assume that the year they hope to graduate in is 2001. If the person said the same thing to a computer, the chances are that the computer would interpret the same year as 1901 (Marcus 34). Basically, the definition of the Year 2000 problem is the ?inability of computer programs to correctly interpret the century? from a date which only has two year digits (Johnson Interview). On the face of it, the specification of the problem appears to be fairly simple, and so many may think so is the solution. After all, how much of a problem can two digits cause? As the reader will discover, those two digits will be the reason for the largest and most costly task ever undertaken by any industry, world wide. Almost all the time, the first question asked when somebody learns about the Year 2000 problem is, How was this allowed to happen? (Johnson Interview). To most people, the thought that so much damage could be done; by so many people over such a long period of time and completely undetected; is absolutely beyond belief (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). The fact of the matter is that the Year 2000 issue is there. Programmers are aware of this problem for years. Unfortunately for us, because of the I wont be around in 15 years, so it doesnt concern me attitude the programmers display, the problem goes unchecked (Johnson Interview). Its only because the likely implications of the Y2K crisis being almost on top of us and because companies now stand to lose large amounts of money that the issue is now finally receiving the attention it deserves (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). When examining the underlying reason for the cause of the problem, two culprits arise. The first, and certainly the most instrumental reason, is the issue of storage space in the 1960s ; 70s (Blair Interview). During this era, the cost of storing data was far from insignificant. In an effort to minimize storage costs, most projects will make a drive to cut down the amount of stored data required by an application (Johnson Interview). In this conservation, there is no stone left unturned. Draining numeric storage space to the smallest possible data type often occurs. Programmers cut character storage space, and before long, dates begin to feel the cut too (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). At the time when only needing the two-digit year part, it is uneconomical to store the full four digits of a year, including the century (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Programs are able to continue processing dates as normal without ever understanding the concept of a century, so why not take out the century part altogether and save all that storage space (Marcus 35)? So, instead of storing a date as 4/5/1968, programmers begin to store dates as 4/5/68 (?The History and the Hype?). Before long, the industry adopts storing dates with only two digits for the year, because of saving space (Kendall 89). No doubt, at the time, some people will raise doubts about the long-term effect of this solution, but they are probably told that their systems will not be in place for more than a few years (Blair Interview). In fact, its not uncommon for corporate companies to have 20-year old applications in place now, which are core components of their major systems (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Apart from the obvious problems with systems which are still around today, by adopting the two-digit year as an industry standard, the industry is laying the foundations for a future problem. Even as the cost of storage space became less of an overhead and there is no longer any need to store dates with two digit years, programmers continued to write applications which did so, partly out of habit and partly because of the need for new applications to share data in a common format with existing systems (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .postImageUrl , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:visited , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:active { border:0!important; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:active , .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5ce326bceba56855b5aa319f741c4cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cave Art (394 words) EssayIn addition to the cost of storage, the second probable reason for using dates formatted with two digit years is the question of user acceptance (Kendall 92). In every day life, its usually quite rare to complete any kind of date using four digits for the year. Consider things like checks, application forms, passports etc. None of these require that the date contain a four-digit year (Blair Interview). So its only natural for users to expect the same level of freedom from computer software. In fact, in many departments it has become common place for new application designs to be rejected by users on the grounds that it is unreasonable to expect a user to enter dates with four digit years (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). From the users point of view, why should they be forced into entering a full four digit year when the software is perfectly capable of accepting and processing a short two digit year (Blair Interview)? Its only now that the consequences of processing two-digit years are really being thought through that the flaws in this argument are beginning to show (?The History and the Hype?). From the technical perspective, there are two effects that could happen to a rogue application in the Year 2000. The first sign that something may be wrong would be when the whole system crashes! In some cases, a computer program will simply not be able handle calculations using the number zero. Without going into too much technical jargon, from a programming point of view, this would be the equivalent of putting square pegs into round holes (Johnson Interview). In many ways, a complete melt down would probably be the better of the two Year 2000 consequences. This is because a system crash is possible. It is something that can be seen and hopefully corrected. Given a system failure, a maintenance programmer should be able to identify the problem and go about fixing it (Johnson Interview). The second possible consequence of the Year 2000 problem is far more difficult to locate. In this situation, the system will continue to work without falling over, this will give the impression that nothing is wrong. However, while the program is running, errors will fill the results of date calculations (Johnson Interview). This second scenario is far more dangerous than the first because errors will creep into the data long before anybody notices that something is wrong. If the system provides data to other systems or the data calculated by the system is used over and over again, the effects of miscalculated dates could be far reaching. Because there is no possible crash or system failure, it could be weeks before the errors are picked up, corrupting systems, sub-systems and all kinds of external data by that time (Johnson Interview). Lets look at few examples of how incorrectly calculated dates affect ordinary business systems: Suppose one function of an accounting system is to provide a list of all invoices which have been outstanding longer than a month for the purposes of the debt collection office. Brand new orders may be given an invoice date of 2/2/00. In this case, the accounting system would flag up these brand new invoices because they have been outstanding for over 100 years (Blair Interview)! This scenario is mild compared to some possibilities. Suppose a finance company lends money to Mrs. Jones. The loan was created on February 2, 1996 and is set to run for a period of 5 years. The finance companys system, therefore, calculates that the expiration date is February 2, 2001 and sets a flag to stop taking payments from her account after that date. The following day, the system calculates that the expiration date of 02/02/01 has passed and therefore decides not to take any money from Mrs. Jones account (Kendall, 67). There are countless possible disaster scenarios just waiting to happen to systems when the century changes, and in some cases, these problems will start to happen before the change of the century. The bottom line is, if your system calculates, processes or stores any type of date related data, it is definitely at risk from the Year 2000 issue (Blair Interview). Everything in our world, from phone companies to the grocery store, is computerized (?The History and the Hype?). If Y2K takes effect, problems accessing food, money, and getting in touch with family and friends will occur. Fixing the worldwide problem requires an estimated $600 Billion (US) and analyzing millions of code (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). This spares only a few systems from Y2K. Estimation suggests that there are 500 billion lines of application code worldwide, of which some 85 percent needing corrected (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). Various reports stated that by the turn of the millennium, as much as 50 percent of all businesses which failed to address the Year 2000 challenge will break down (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Managers become heavy-hearted thinking about their future as December 31, 1999 rolls in (Kendall 67). Knowing that there is going to be a disaster does not help much especially when there are few resources to handle the problem. Fearing the effects of the crisis, companies worldwide need an additional 200,000 COBOL programmers (?The History and the Hype?). Because the cause of the problem stems back some twenty or thirty years, the programming languages most affected by the Year 2000 problem are older languages such as COBOL. In fact, its probably fair to say that COBOL accounts for most of the worlds business applications (Blair Interview). Because the Year 2000 problem is so easily identifiable with COBOL and because there are new languages, many people are under the impression that any system written using the new programming languages is completely Year 2000 ready (Gates 72). In reality, nothing could be further from the truth (?The History and the Hype?). .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .postImageUrl , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:visited , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:active { border:0!important; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:active , .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8 .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ed572ef8296f409379fa07c593050e8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Revenge EssayVisual Basic includes various date handling functions and procedures which are totally unaware of the Year 2000. In fact, because of the implication that these functions will work into the Year 2000, and because of over confidence in the language, applications built using Visual Basic are probably more likely to cause problems than many other languages (Gates 72). Microsoft has taken steps to correct these problems by introducing fixes to these date functions in each of the major new releases. Visual Basic 5.0 introduces an industry accepted technique known as windowing. This technique makes assumptions about the intended century of a two-digit year. However, the window is a fixed window that only interprets dates up until 2030, which flaws the solution. For instance, given the date 01/01/32, Visual Basic will assume that the intended year is 1932 (Gates 72-73). The role that dates play in a business is critical to whether or not the problem will exist. Going to the problem of electrical companies, date-coding plays only a minor part in the production of electricity, but it plays a major part in the metering of electricity usage (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). The Senate concluded that local power blackouts will be likely, but national power breakdown is not. If they do happen it will only be for about a week, but in major metropolitan areas they shouldnt be more than 48 hours. (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). The government is working laboriously to get prepared for the new millennium, but are they ready? One of the lagging branches is Social Security which keeps track of everyone in the country (?Y2K: So Many Bugs So Little Time?). Next is the military, nuclear reactors, and air transport systems. The Department of Defense reported that only 72 percent of its ?mission-critical systems? are ready (?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?). Also, what about the nations linked up to us? Being so far behind, they jeopardize the rest of us. Another lagging industry is hospitals and health care. Health care is one of the worst-prepared for Y2K and carries a significant potential for harm. For patient treatment, insurance claims, and pharmaceutical manufacturing and distribution, the industry relies on computers (?The History and the Hype?). Fearful organizations are not the only ones suffering the millennium bug. Anyone, even a personal computer user, can be. Surfing the net would prove that the Y2Ks awareness level is growing with more sites dedicated to this problem (Blair Interview). ?Pessimists? say that we will fall into global recession and have another ?depression? as in the 30s era. Stock markets might fall because of companies that are not exactly ready for Y2K. ATMs and banks may not be able to transact money because of this. Grocery stores relying on computers to deliver goods, take inventory, and even scan pricing will go down. There will be riots, looting, and world wide power outages. Home appliances will go crazy and telephones will be unusable. Planes and trains will collide into each other, gas pumps wont work, or the cars computer will malfunction so we cant go anywhere. They think that it is the end for civilization as we know it. Could they be right? Could we be going back to the Stone Age (?The Mill ennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit?)? There is no magic solution, silver bullet or quick fix to the Year 2000 problem (Johnson Interview). ?Yes, its true that we can put a man on the moon, or speak to people on the other side of the planet. If we want, we can even blow the world up a thousand times over. However, we cant fix the Year 2000 problem with one swoop of a magic wand (Blair Interview).? Because of the complexity and number of different business applications, platforms, languages, technologies, programming styles and business scenarios, it is impossible to come up with a one-time, fix all solution. Instead, the problem needs to be addressed by each company individually (?The History and the Hype?). Unfortunately, the only way of being 100% certain that a given application will function as expected into and beyond the next century is to physically address every single line of code and thoroughly test each function in the given application. Regardless of the size and complexity of an application, it only takes one single line of programming code to bring a system to its knees (?The History and the Hype?)!Ignoring the Year 2000 computer crisis?one of the most serious and potentially devastating events this world has ever encountered? was of no use. Postponing it was out of the question. It set a date for us. A considerable number of people believed the end of the world was near, implicating that we would be back to stones and sticks. Be prepared for the worst and hope for the best is one way to describe the Year 2000 crisis. Even though we didnt know what exactly would happen when the double zeros struck, Y2K will definitely be a milestone in history. Works CitedBlair, Gary. Interview. 16 Mar. 2000. Gates, William H. Business @ The Speed of Thought: Using a Digital Nervous System. New York, NY: Time Warner, 1999. ?The History and the Hype.? 5 Oct. 1996: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 10 March 2000. Available WWW: http://www.time.com/Johnson, Warren. Phone interview. 14 Feb. 2000. Kendall, Julie E., and Kenneth E. Kendall. Systems Analysis and Design. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. Marcus, David L. ?E-Mail Nation.? U. S. News World Report 22 Mar. 1999: 54-62. ?The Millennium 2000 Bug Total Y2K Repair Kit.? 12 Sept. 1996: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 8 February 2000. Available WWW: http://www.firstgalexy.com/2000cure/fix.htm?Y2K: So Many Bugs? So Little Time? 14 Dec. 1998: n.pag. On-line. Internet. 10 February 2000. Available WWW: http://www.scientificamerican.com/Computers and Internet